Founded in 1909, the NAACP was formed from an organization of black militants called the Niagara Movement led by W.E.B. DuBois. DuBois became the editor of the NAACP publication, CRISIS. The NAACP focused on litigation, legislation, and education to achieve racial equality in America. Through the ensuing decades there would be many legal battles, often in the Supreme Court, and the organization gained renown for these hard fought, though often slowly won victories. In 1967, the NAACP boasted a membership of over 400,000, but it was often criticized by other black organizations for not being more radical in its efforts to effect equality. Langston Hughes, celebrated novelist, poet, playwright, and essayist, wrote this history of the most enduring of all the civil rights organizations.